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Manchester (local /'mænt??st?/)[3] is a city and metropolitan borough and is the principal settlement in the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester, North West England. It is the sixth largest city in the United Kingdom with a population of 510,700 (xxxx est.).[4] It lies within the United Kingdom's second most populous urban area which has a population of 2.55 million.[5] Manchester is located in the south-central part of North West England, fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south and the Pennines to the north and east, and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation. The local authority is Manchester City Council, and the city's inhabitants are referred to as Mancunians /mæ?k'ju?n??nz/. The recorded history of Manchester began with the civilian settlement associated with the Roman fort of Mamucium, which was established in c. 79 CE on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers Medlock and Irwell. Historically, Manchester was in Lancashire, although areas of Cheshire, south of the River Mersey were incorporated into the city during the 20th century.[6] Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a manorial township but began to expand "at an astonishing rate" around the turn of the 19th century.Manchester's unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution,[7] and resulted in it becoming the world's first industrialised city.[8] The building of the Bridgewater Canal in xxxx built to transport coal triggered an early-19th-century factory building boom which transformed Manchester from a township into a major mill town and borough that was granted city status in xxxx. In xxxx, Manchester Town Hall was built and in xxxx the Manchester Ship Canal opened; which at the time was the longest river navigation canal in the world, which in turn created the Port of Manchester linking the city to sea. Manchester's fortunes decreased in the subsequent years after WW2 due to deindustrialisation. However, investment in the last two decades, spurred by the xxxx Manchester bombing ? which was the largest bomb ever detonated in peacetime Britain ? spearheaded extensive regeneration of Manchester, particularly in the city centre.The city is notable for its architecture, culture, music scene, media links, scientific and engineering output, social impact, sports clubs and transport connections. Known through time as a hotbed for radical ideas, Manchester was the site of the world's first railway station and is where scientists first split the atom, and developed the first stored-program computer. Manchester is also regarded as the birthplace of Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom, and both capitalism and communism.[9] Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels began to write the Communist Manifesto at Chetham Library, the oldest public library in the English-speaking world.[10]Today Manchester is ranked as a beta world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.[11] Its metropolitan economy is the third largest in the United Kingdom with a GDP of $88.3bn (xxxx est., PPP).[12] Manchester is the third-most visited city in the UK by foreign visitors, after London and Edinburgh.[13]EtymologyThe name Manchester originates from the Ancient Roman name Mamucium, the name of the Roman fort and settlement, generally thought to be a Latinisation of an original Celtic name (possibly meaning "breast-like hill" from mamm- = "breast"), with later added Old English ceaster = "town" (which is derived from Latin castra = "camp" or "forts").[14] An alternative theory suggests that the origin is Brythonic mamma = "mother", where the "mother" was a river-goddess of the River Medlock which flows below the fort. Mam means "female breast" in Irish Gaelic and "mother" in Welsh.[15]The Brigantes were the major Celtic tribe in what is now Northern England; they had a stronghold in the locality at a sandstone outcrop on which Manchester Cathedral now stands, opposite the banks of the River Irwell.[16] Their territory extended across the fertile lowland of what is now Salford and Stretford. Following the Roman conquest of Britain in the 1st century, General Agricola ordered the construction of a Roman fort named Mamucium in the year 79 to ensure that Roman interests in Deva Victrix (Chester) and Eboracum (York) were protected from the Brigantes.[16] Central Manchester has been permanently settled since this time.[17] A stabilised fragment of foundations of the final version of the Roman fort is visible in Castlefield. The Roman habitation of Manchester probably ended around the 3rd century; the vicus, or civilian settlement, appears to have been abandoned by the mid-3rd century, although the fort may have supported a small garrison until the late 3rd or early 4th century.[18] By the time of the Norman Conquest in xxxx, the focus of settlement had shifted to the confluence of the rivers Irwell and Irk.[19] Much of the wider area was laid waste in the subsequent Harrying of the North.[20][21]Thomas de la Warre, lord of the manor, founded and constructed a collegiate church for the parish in xxxx. The church is now Manchester Cathedral; the domestic premises of the college house Chetham's School of Music and Chetham's Library.[19][22] The library, which opened in xxxx and is still open to the public today, is the oldest free public reference library in the United Kingdom.[23]Manchester is mentioned as having a market in xxxx.[24] Around the 14th century, Manchester received an influx of Flemish weavers, sometimes credited as the foundation of the region's textile industry.[25] Manchester became an important centre for the manufacture and trade of woollens and linen, and by about xxxx, had expanded to become, in John Leland's words, "The fairest, best builded, quickest, and most populous town of all Lancashire."[19] The cathedral and Chetham's buildings are the only significant survivors of Leland's Manchester.[20]A map of Manchester and Salford from xxxx.During the English Civil War, Manchester strongly favoured the Parliamentary interest. Although not long lasting, Cromwell granted it the right to elect its own MP. Charles Worsley, who sat for the city for only a year, was later appointed Major General for Lancashire, Cheshire and Staffordshire during the Rule of the Major Generals. He was a diligent puritan, turning out ale houses and banning the celebration of Christmas; he died in xxxx.[26]Significant quantities of cotton began to be used after about xxxx, firstly in linen/cotton fustians, but by around xxxx pure cotton fabrics were being produced and cotton had overtaken wool in importance.[19] The Irwell and Mersey were made navigable by xxxx, opening a route from Manchester to the sea docks on the Mersey. The Bridgewater Canal, Britain's first wholly artificial waterway, was opened in xxxx, bringing coal from mines at Worsley to central Manchester. The canal was extended to the Mersey at Runcorn by xxxx. The combination of competition and improved efficiency halved the cost of coal and halved the transport cost of raw cotton.[19][22] Manchester became the dominant marketplace for textiles produced in the surrounding towns.[19] A commodities exchange, opened in xxxx,[20] and numerous large warehouses, aided commerce.In xxxx, Richard Arkwright began construction of Manchester's first cotton mill.[20][22]In the early xxxxs, John Dalton formulated his atomic theory in Manchester.Manchester's history is concerned with textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution. The great majority of cotton spinning took place in the towns of Greater Manchester, south Lancashire and north Cheshire, and Manchester was for a time the most productive centre of cotton processing,[27] and later the world's largest marketplace for cotton goods.[19][28] Manchester was dubbed "Cottonopolis" and "Warehouse City" during the Victorian era.[27] In Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, the term "manchester" is still used for household linen: sheets, pillow cases, towels, etc.[29] The industrial revolution brought about huge change in Manchester and was key to the increase in Manchester's population.Manchester began expanding "at an astonishing rate" around the turn of the 19th century as people flocked to the city for work from Scotland, Wales, Ireland and other areas of England as part of a process of unplanned urbanisation brought on by the Industrial Revolution.[30][31][32] It developed a wide range of industries, so that by xxxx "Manchester was without challenge the first and greatest industrial city in the world."[28] Engineering firms initially made machines for the cotton trade, but diversified into general manufacture. Similarly, the chemical industry started by producing bleaches and dyes, but expanded into other areas. Commerce was supported by financial service industries such as banking and insurance.View from Kersal Moor towards Manchester by Thomas Pether, circa xxxx. The town was primarily a rural landscape just before the onset of the Industrial Revolution.Manchester from Kersal Moor, by William Wyld in xxxx, a town now dominated by chimney stacks as a consequence of the Industrial Revolution.Trade, and feeding the growing population, required a large transport and distribution infrastructure: the canal system was extended, and Manchester became one end of the world's first intercity passenger railway?the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Competition between the various forms of transport kept costs down.[19] In xxxx the GPO (the forerunner of British Telecom) provided its first telephones to a firm in Manchester.[33]The Manchester Ship Canal was built in xxxx, in some sections by canalisation of the Rivers Irwell and Mersey, running 58 kilometres (36 mi)[34] from Salford to Eastham Locks on the tidal Mersey. This enabled ocean going ships to sail right into the Port of Manchester. On the canal's banks, just outside the borough, the world's first industrial estate was created at Trafford Park.[19] Large quantities of machinery, including cotton processing plant, were exported around the world.A centre of capitalism, Manchester was once the scene of bread and labour riots, as well as calls for greater political recognition by the city's working and non-titled classes. One such gathering ended with the Peterloo Massacre of 16 August xxxx. The economic school of Manchester capitalism developed there, and Manchester was the centre of the Anti-Corn Law League from xxxx onward.The Peterloo Massacre of xxxx resulted in 15 deaths and several hundred injured.Manchester has a notable place in the history of Marxism and left-wing politics; being the subject of Friedrich Engels' work The Condition of the Working Class in England in xxxx; Engels spent much of his life in and around Manchester,[35] and when Karl Marx visited Manchester, they met at Chetham's Library. The economics books Marx was reading at the time can be seen in the library, as can the window seat where Marx and Engels would meet.[23] The first Trades Union Congress was held in Manchester (at the Mechanics' Institute, David Street), from 2 to 6 June xxxx. Manchester was an important cradle of the Labour Party and the Suffragette Movement.[36]At that time, it seemed a place in which anything could happen?new industrial processes, new ways of thinking (the Manchester School, promoting free trade and laissez-faire), new classes or groups in society, new religious sects, and new forms of labour organisation. It attracted educated visitors from all parts of Britain and Europe. A saying capturing this sense of innovation survives today: "What Manchester does today, the rest of the world does tomorrow."[37] Manchester's golden age was perhaps the last quarter of the 19th century. Many of the great public buildings (including Manchester Town Hall) date from then. The city's cosmopolitan atmosphere contributed to a vibrant culture, which included the Hallé Orchestra. In xxxx, when county councils were created in England, the municipal borough became a county borough with even greater autonomy.An oil painting of Oxford Road, Manchester in xxxx by Valette.Although the Industrial Revolution brought wealth to the city, it also brought poverty and squalor to a large part of the population. Historian Simon Schama noted that "Manchester was the very best and the very worst taken to terrifying extremes, a new kind of city in the world; the chimneys of industrial suburbs greeting you with columns of smoke". An American visitor taken to Manchester?s blackspots saw "wretched, defrauded, oppressed, crushed human nature, lying and bleeding fragments".[38]The number of cotton mills in Manchester itself reached a peak of 108 in xxxx.[27] Thereafter the number began to decline and Manchester was surpassed as the largest centre of cotton spinning by Bolton in the xxxxs and Oldham in the xxxxs.[27] However, this period of decline coincided with the rise of city as the financial centre of the region.[27] Manchester continued to process cotton, and in xxxx, 65% of the world's cotton was processed in the area.[19] The First World War interrupted access to the export markets. Cotton processing in other parts of the world increased, often on machines produced in Manchester. Manchester suffered greatly from the Great Depression and the underlying structural changes that began to supplant the old industries, including textile manufacture.Like most of the UK, the Manchester area was mobilised extensively during the Second World War. For example, casting and machining expertise at Beyer, Peacock and Company's locomotive works in Gorton was switched to bomb making; Dunlop's rubber works in Chorlton-on-Medlock made barrage balloons; and just outside the city in Trafford Park, engineers Metropolitan-Vickers made Avro Manchester and Avro Lancaster bombers and Ford built the Rolls-Royce Merlin engines to power them. Manchester was thus the target of bombing by the Luftwaffe, and by late xxxx air raids were taking place against non-military targets. The biggest took place during the "Christmas Blitz" on the nights of 22/23 and 24 December xxxx, when an estimated 467 long tons (474 t) of high explosives plus over 37,000 incendiary bombs were dropped. A large part of the historic city centre was destroyed, including 165 warehouses, 200 business premises, and 150 offices. 376 were killed and 30,000 houses were damaged.[39] Manchester Cathedral was among the buildings seriously damaged; its restoration took 20 years.[40]Cotton processing and trading continued to fall in peacetime, and the exchange closed in xxxx.[19] By xxxx the port of Manchester was the UK's third largest,[41] and employed over 3,000 men, but the canal was unable to handle the increasingly large container ships. Traffic declined, and the port closed in xxxx.[42] Heavy industry suffered a downturn from the xxxxs and was greatly reduced under the economic policies followed by Margaret Thatcher's government after xxxx. Manchester lost 150,000 jobs in manufacturing between xxxx and xxxx.[19]Corporation Street after the Manchester bombing on 15 June xxxx. There were no fatalities, but it was one of the most expensive man-made disasters.[43] A large rebuilding project of Manchester ensued.Regeneration began in the late xxxxs, with initiatives such as the Metrolink, the Bridgewater Concert Hall, the Phones 4u Arena, and (in Salford) the rebranding of the port as Salford Quays. Two bids to host the Olympic Games were part of a process to raise the international profile of the city.[44]Manchester has a history of attacks attributed to Irish Republicans, including the Manchester Martyrs of xxxx, arson in xxxx, a series of explosions in xxxx, and two bombs in xxxx. On Saturday 15 June xxxx, the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) carried out the xxxx Manchester bombing, the detonation of a large bomb next to a department store in the city centre. The largest to be detonated on British soil, the bomb injured over 200 people, heavily damaged nearby buildings, and broke windows half a mile away. The cost of the immediate damage was initially estimated at £50 million, but this was quickly revised upwards.[45] The final insurance payout was over £400 million; many affected businesses never recovered from the loss of trade.[46]Spurred by the investment after the xxxx bomb, and aided by the XVII Commonwealth Games, Manchester's city centre has undergone extensive regeneration.[44] New and renovated complexes such as The Printworks and The Triangle have become popular shopping and entertainment destinations. The Manchester Arndale is the UK's largest city centre shopping mall.[47]Exchange Square during a BBC Big Screen showing of a FIFA World Cup football game.Large sections of the city dating from the xxxxs have been either demolished and re-developed or modernised with the use of glass and steel. Old mills have been converted into modern apartments, Hulme has undergone extensive regeneration programmes, and million-pound lofthouse apartments have since been developed. The 169-metre tall, 47-storey Beetham Tower, completed in xxxx, is the tallest building in the UK outside London and when finished was the highest residential accommodation in Europe.[48] In January xxxx, the independent Casino Advisory Panel awarded Manchester a licence to build the only supercasino in the UK,[49] however plans were officially abandoned in February xxxx.[50]Since around the turn of the 21st century, Manchester has been regarded by sections of the international press,[51] British public,[52] and government ministers[53] as being the second city of the United Kingdom.[54] The BBC reports that redevelopment of recent years has heightened claims that Manchester is the second city of the UK.[55] Manchester and Birmingham have traditionally been considered for this unofficial title.[55]Main articles: Politics in Manchester and Manchester City Council.See also: Manchester local elections and List of Lord Mayors of Manchester.Manchester Town Hall in Albert Square, seat of local governance, is an example of Victorian era Gothic revival architecture.The City of Manchester is governed by the Manchester City Council. The earlier Greater Manchester County Council was abolished in xxxx so it is effectively a unitary authority. Manchester has been a member of the English Core Cities Group since its inception in xxxx.[56]The town of Manchester was granted a charter by Thomas Grelley in xxxx, but lost its borough status in a court case of xxxx. Until the 19th century, local government was largely provided by manorial courts, the last of which ended in xxxx.[57]From a very early time, the township of Manchester lay within the historic or ceremonial county boundaries of Lancashire.[57] Pevsner wrote "That [neighbouring] Stretford and Salford are not administratively one with Manchester is one of the most curious anomalies of England".[25] A stroke of a Norman baron's pen is said to have divorced Manchester and Salford, though it was not Salford that became separated from Manchester, it was Manchester, with its humbler line of lords, that was separated from Salford.[58] It was this separation that resulted in Salford becoming the judicial seat of Salfordshire, which included the ancient parish of Manchester. Manchester later formed its own Poor Law Union using the name "Manchester".[57] In xxxx, Commissioners?usually known as "Police Commissioners"?were established for the social improvement of Manchester. Manchester regained its borough status in xxxx, and comprised the townships of Beswick, Cheetham Hill, Chorlton upon Medlock and Hulme.[57] By xxxx, with increasing population and greater industrialization, the Borough Council had taken over the powers of the "Police Commissioners". In xxxx, Manchester was granted "city status" in the United Kingdom.[57]In xxxx, Bradford, Harpurhey, Rusholme and parts of Moss Side and Withington townships became part of the City of Manchester. In xxxx, the city became the county borough of Manchester, separate from the administrative/ceremonial county of Lancashire, and thus not governed by Lancashire County Council.[57] Between xxxx and xxxx, more areas were added to the city from Lancashire, including former villages such as Burnage, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Didsbury, Fallowfield, Levenshulme, Longsight, and Withington. In xxxx, the Cheshire civil parishes of Baguley, Northenden and Northen Etchells from the south of the River Mersey were added.[57] In xxxx, by way of the Local Government Act xxxx, the City of Manchester became a metropolitan district of the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester.[57] That year, Ringway, the town where the Manchester Airport is located, was added to the City.At 53°28'0?N 2°14'0?W, 160 miles (257 km) northwest of London, Manchester lies in a bowl-shaped land area bordered to the north and east by the Pennines, a mountain chain that runs the length of northern England, and to the south by the Cheshire Plain. The city centre is on the east bank of the River Irwell, near its confluences with the Rivers Medlock and Irk, and is relatively low-lying, being between 115 to 138 feet (35 to 42 metres) above sea level.[59] The River Mersey flows through the south of Manchester. Much of the inner city, especially in the south, is flat, offering extensive views from many highrise buildings in the city of the foothills and moors of the Pennines, which can often be capped with snow in the winter months. Manchester's geographic features were highly influential in its early development as the world's first industrial city. These features are its climate, its proximity to a seaport at Liverpool, the availability of water power from its rivers, and its nearby coal reserves.[60]The City of Manchester. The land use is overwhelmingly urban.The name Manchester, though officially applied only to the metropolitan district within Greater Manchester, has been applied to other, wider divisions of land, particularly across much of the Greater Manchester county and urban area. The "Manchester City Zone", "Manchester post town" and the "Manchester Congestion Charge" are all examples of this.For purposes of the Office for National Statistics, Manchester forms the most populous settlement within the Greater Manchester Urban Area, the United Kingdom's third largest conurbation. There is a mixture of high-density urban and suburban locations in Manchester. The largest open space in the city, at around 260 hectares (642 acres),[61] is Heaton Park.