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EINVLKFJDLKFJA number of Turkic languages did not partake in The House of Seljuk waThe prime minister iThe other defining aspect of Turkey's foreign relations has been its ties with the United States. Based on the common threat posed by the Soviet Union, Turkey joined NATO in xxxx, ensuring close bilateral relations with Washington throughout the Cold War. In the post?Cold War environment, Turkey's geostrategic importance shifted towards its proximity to the Middle East, the Caucasus and the Balkans. In return, Turkey has benefited from the United States' political, economic and diplomatic support, including in key issues such as the country's bid to join the EuropeThe independence of the Turkic states of the Soviet Union in xxxx, with which Turkey shares a common cultural and linguistic heritage, allowed Turkey to extend its economic and political relations deep into Central Asia,[78] thus enabling the completion of a multi-billion-dollar oil and natural gas pipeline from Baku in Azerbaijan to the port of Ceyhan in Turkey. The Baku?Tbilisi?Ceyhan pipeline forms part of Turkey's foreign policy strategy to become an energy conduit to the West. However, Turkey's border with Armenia, a state in the Caucasus, remains closed following Armenia's occupation of Azerbaijani territory during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.[79] Under the AK Party government, Turkey's influence has grown in the Middle East based on the strategic depth doctrine, also called Neo-Ottomanism.[80][81] This policy has led to tensions with major Arab countries such as Turkey's neighbour Syria following the Syrian civil war and with Egypt following the ouster of President Mohamed Morsi.[The Chief of the General Staff is appointed by the President and is responsible to the Prime Minister. The Council of Ministers is responsible to the Parliament for matters of national security and the adequate preparation of the armed forces to defend the country. However, the authority to declare war and to deploy the Turkish Armed Forces to foreign countries or to allow foreign armed forces to be stationed in Turkey rests solely with the Parliament.[84] The actual Commander of the Armed Forces is the Chief of the General Staff General Necdet Özel since 4The Turkish Armed Forces is the second largest standing armed force in NATO, after the US Armed Forces, with an estimated strength of 495,000 deployable forces, according to a xxxx NATO estimate.[86] Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the nuclear sharing policy of the alliance, together with Belgium, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands.[87] A total of 90 B61 nuclear bombs are hosted at the Incirlik Air Base, 40 of which are allocated for use by the Turkish Air Force in case of a nuclear conflict, but their use requires the approval oTurkey has maintained forces in international missions under the United Nations and NATO since xxxx, including peacekeeping missions in Somalia and former Yugoslavia, and support to coalition forces in the First Gulf War. Turkey maintains 36,000 troops in Northern Cyprus, though their presence is controversial.[94] Turkey has had troops deployed in Afghanistan as part of the United States stabilization force and the UN-authorized, NATO-commanded International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) since xxxx.[95] Since xxxx, Turkey contributes military personnel to Eurocorps and takes part in the EU Battlegroups.[96] Since xxxx, Turkish troops are also part of an expanded United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon The territory of Turkey is more than 1,600 kilometres (1,000 mi) long and 800 km (500 mi) wide, with a roughly rectangular shape.[100] It lies between latitudes 35° and 43° N, and longitudes 25° and 45° E. Turkey's area, including lakes, occupies 783,562[101] square kilometres (300,948 sq mi), of which 755,688 square kilometres (291,773 sq mi) are in Southwest Asia and 23,764 square kilometres (9,174 sq mi) in Europe.[100] Turkey is the world's 37th-largest country in terms of area. The country is encircled by seas on three sides: the Aegean Sea to the west, the Black Sea to the north and the Mediterranean to the south. Turkey also contains the Sea of Marmara in the The European section of Turkey, East Thrace, forms the borders of Turkey with Greece and Bulgaria. The Asian part of the country, Anatolia, consists of a high central plateau with narrow coastal plains, between the Köroglu and Pontic mountain ranges to the north and the Taurus Mountains to the south. Eastern Turkey has a more mountainous landscape and is home to the sources of rivers such as the Euphrates, Tigris and Aras, and contains Mount Ararat, Turkey's highest point at 5,137 metres (16,854 ft),[102][103] and Lake Van, the largest lake Turkey's extraordinary ecosystem and habitat diversity has produced considerable species diversity.[105] Anatolia is the homeland of many plants that have been cultivated for food since the advent of agriculture, and the wild ancestors of many plants that now provide staples for mankind still grow in Turkey. The diversity of Turkey's fauna is even greater than that of its flora: While the number of animal species throughout Europe as a whole reach around 60,000, in Turkey they number over 80,000 (with subspecies, number rises tThe Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests is an ecoregion which covers most of the Pontic Mountains in northern Turkey, while the Caucasus mixed forests extend across the eastern end of the range. The region is home to Eurasian wildlife such as the Eurasian Sparrowhawk, Golden Eagle, Eastern Imperial Eagle, Lesser Spotted Eagle, Caucasian Black Grouse, Red-fronted Serin, and Wallcreeper.[106] The narrow coastal strip between the Pontic Mountains and the Black Sea is home to the Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests, which contain some of the world's few temperate rainfThe coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea have a temperate Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and mild to cool, wet winters.[108] The coastal areas bordering the Black Sea have a temperate Oceanic climate with warm, wet summers and cool to cold, wet winters.[108] The Turkish Black Sea coast receives the greatest amount of precipitation and is the only region of Turkey that receives high precipitation throughout the year.[108] The eastern part of that coast averages 2,200 millimetres (87 in) annually which is the highest precipitation in theThe coastal areas bordering the Sea of Marmara, which connects the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea, have a transitional climate between a temperate Mediterranean climate and a temperate Oceanic climate with warm to hot, moderately dry summers and cool to cold, wet winters.[108] Snow does occur on the coastal areas of the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea almost every winter, but it usually lies no more than a few days.[108] Snow on the other hand is rare in the coastal areas of the Aegean Sea and very rare in the coastal areas of the Winters on the eastern part of the plateau are especially severe.[108] Temperatures of -30 to -40 °C (-22 to -40 °F) can occur in eastern Anatolia.[108] Snow may remain at least 120 days of the year.[108] In the west, winter temperatures average below 1 °C (34 °F).[108] Summers are hot and dry, with temperatures often above 30 °C (86 °F) in the day.[108] Annual precipitation averages about 400 millimetres (15 in), with actual amounts determined by elevation. The driest regions are the Konya plain and the Malatya plain, where annual rainfall frequently is less than 300 millimetres (12 in). May is generally the wettest month, whereas July and August arDuring the first six decades of the republic, between xxxx and xxxx, Turkey has mostly adhered to a quasi-statist approach with strict government planning of the budget and government-imposed limitations over private sector participation, foreign trade, flow of foreign currency, and foreign direct investment. However, in xxxx Prime Minister Turgut Özal initiated a series of reforms designed to shift the economy from a statist, insulated system to a more private-sector, market-based model.[61]On September 23, xxxx, Al-Turki forces approached Jilib, en route to Kismayo. Juba Valley Alliance forces withdrew without a fight.[5] After the city fell, on September 24, he promised peace to the city after Islamic militiamen broke up an anti-Islamist demonstration with gunfire, killing three teenagers.[6] (Also see: Juba Valley Alliance: War In Somalia) Al-Turki addressed people in Kismayo telling them the region would be under the Islamic law. ?This city is seized by Islamic forces including all tribes of Somali men, welcome to the new peace brought to this city and I promise you will live in security and prosperity,? Sheikh Hassan Al-TurkHe was later targeted in a US fighter jet strike on March 2, xxxx. US fighter jets struck the southern Somali town of Dobley. The bombings by the AC-130 gunships targeted two homes in the town that were allegedly visited by Turki, who is believed to have ties to al-Qaeda.,[8] including Sheikh Hassan Dahir Aweys', Asmara based, wing of the ARS to form HiBangsa Turki mulai bermigrasi ke daerah yang dinamakan Turki pada abad ke-11. Proses migrasi ini semakin dipercepat setelah kemenangan Seljuk melawan Kekaisaran Bizantium pada pertempuran Manzikert. Beberapa Beylik (Emirat Turki) dan Kesultanan Seljuk Rûm memerintah Anatolia sampai dengan invasi Kekaisaran Mongol. Mulai abad ke-13, beylik-beylik Ottoman menyatukan Anatolia dan membentuk kekaisaran yang daerahnya merambah kebanyakan Eropa Tenggara, Asia Barat, dan Afrika Utara. Setelah Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah runtuh setelah kalah pada Perang Dunia I, sebagian wilayahnya diduduki oleh para Sekutu yang memenangi PD I. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk kemudian mengorganisasikan gerakan perlawanan melawan Sekutu. Pada tahun xxxx, gerakan perlawanan ini berhasil mendirikan Republik Turki Modern dengan Atatürk menjabat sebagai presiden pertamanya.zbul Islam.[9]i reportedly said.[7][page needed]e the driest.[108] Sea.[108] country.[108]orests.[107]o over 100,000.)in the country.northwest.[102](UNIFIL).[97]f NATO.[88] August xxxx.[85]82][83]an Union.s elected by the parliament through a vote of confidence in the government and is most often the head of the party having the most seats in parliament. The current prime minister is the former mayor of Istanbul, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, whose conservative Justice and Development Party was elected for a third consecutive time in xxxx general elections.[66] Although the ministers do not have to be members of the parliament, ministers with parliament membership are common in Turkish poliHuman rights in Turkey have been the subject of some controversy and international condemnation. Between xxxx and xxxx the European Court of Human Rights made more than 1,600 judgements against Turkey for human rights violations, particularly regarding the right to life, and freedom from torture. Other issues, such as Kurdish rights, women's rights, and press freedom, have also attracted controversy. Turkey's human rights record continues to be a significant obstacle to future membership of the EU.[71] According to the Committee to Protect Journalists, the AKP government has waged one of the world's biggest crackdowns on press freedoms.[72] A large number of journalists have been arrested using charges of "terrorism" and "anti-state activities" such as the Ergenekon and Balyoz cases, while thousands have been investigated on charges such as "denigrating Turkishness" or "insulting Islam" in an effort to sow self-censorship.[72] In xxxx, the CPJ identified 76 jailed journalists in Turkey, including 61 directly held for their published work, more than in Iran, Eritrea or China.[72] A former U.S. State Department spokesman, Philip J. Crowley, said that the United States had "broad concerns about trends involving intimidation of journalists in Turkey."[73]tics.s a branch of the Kinik Executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers which make up the government, while the legislative power is vested in the unicameral parliament, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature, and the Constitutional Court is charged with ruling on the conformity of laws and decrees with the constitution. The Council of State is the tribunal of last resort for administrative cases, and the High Court of Appeals for all others.[65]Oguz Turks who resided on the periphery of the Muslim world, in the Yabghu Khaganate of the Oguz confederacy, to the north of the Caspian and Aral Seas, in the 9th century.[38][page needed] In the 10th century, the Seljuks started migrating from their ancestral homeland into Persia, which became the adminIn the latter half of the 11th century, the Seljuks began penetrating into the eastern regions of Anatolia. In xxxx, the Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert, starting Turkification of the area; the Turkish language and Islam were introduced to Anatolia and gradually spread over the region and the slow transition froAfter participating with the United Nations forces in the Korean War, Turkey joined NATO in xxxx, becoming a bulwark against Soviet expansion into the Mediterranean. Following a decade of Cypriot intercommunal violence and the coup in Cyprus on 15 July xxxx staged by the EOKA B paramilitary organization, which overthrew President Makarios and installed the pro-Enosis (union with Greece) Nikos Sampson as dictator, Turkey invaded Cyprus on 20 July xxxx.[55] Nine years later the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is recognized only by Turkey, wasThe single-party period ended in xxxx. It was followed by a tumultuous transition to multiparty democracy over the next few decades, which was interrupted by military coups d'état in xxxx, xxxx, xxxx and xxxx.[57][page needed] In xxxx, the PKK, a Kurdish separatist group, began an insurgency campaign against the Turkish government, which to date has claimed over 40,000 lives;[58] however, a peace process is currently ongoing.[59][60] Since the liberalization of the Turkish economy during the xxxxs, the country has enjoyed stronger economic growth and greater political stability.[61][page needed] In xxxx, widespread protests erupted in many Turkish provinces, sparked by a plan to demolish Gezi Park but growing into general anti-government dissent.[62] established.[56]m a predominantly Christian and Greek-speaking Anatolia to a predominantly Muslim and Turkish-speaking one was underway.[39In xxxx, the Seljuk armies were defeated by the Mongols, causing the Seljuk Empire's power to slowly disintegrate. In its wake, one of the Turkish principalities governed by Osman I would, over the next 200 years, evolve into the Ottoman Empire, expanding throughout Anatolia, the Balkans, the Levant and North Africa.[40][page needed] In xxxx, the Ottomans completed their conquest of the Byzantine Empire by capturing its caIn xxxx, Sultan Selim I (xxxx?xxxx) successfully expanded the Empire's southern and eastern borders by defeating Shah Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty in the Battle of Chaldiran. In xxxx, Selim I expanded Ottoman rule into Algeria and Egypt, and created a naval presence in the Red Sea. Subsequently, a competition started between the Ottoman and Portuguese empires to become the dominant sea power in the Indian Ocean, with numerous naval battles in the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf. The Portuguese presence in the Indian Ocean was perceived as a threat for the Ottoman monopoly over the ancient trading routes between East Asia and Western Europe (later collectively named the Silk Road). This important monopoly was increasingly compromised following the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope by Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias in xxxx, which had a considerable impact on theThe Ottoman Empire's power and prestige peaked in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. The empire was often at odds with the Holy Roman Empire in its steady advance towards Central Europe through the Balkans and the southern part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.[41] At sea, the Ottoman Navy contended with several Holy Leagues (composed primarily of Habsburg Spain, the Republic of Genoa, the Republic of Venice, the Knights of St. John, the Papal States, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Duchy of Savoy) for control of the Mediterranean Sea. In the east, the Ottomans were occasionally at war with Safavid Persia over conflicts stemming from territorial disputes or religious differences between the 16th and 18thFrom the beginning of the 19th century onwards, the Ottoman Empire began to decline. As it gradually shrank in size, military power and wealth, many Balkan Muslims migrated to the Empire's heartland in Anatolia,[43][not in citation given][44] along with the Circassians fleeing the Russian conquest of the Caucasus. The decline of the Ottoman Empire led to a rise in nationalist sentiment among the various subject peoples, leading to increased ethnic tensions which occasionally burst into violence, such as the Hamidian massacres. centuries.[42] Ottoman economy.pital, Constantinople.][page needed]istrative core of the Great Seljuk Empire.the development of the Turki literary tradition, and were either unaffected by the common trends carried by the Turki, or affected only indirectly through the neighboring languages that were impacted by the Turki. The languages not affected directly were culturally separated from the Islamic influence by religious affiliations or geographical isolation. Among such nations were Chuvashes, Gagauzes, Hungarian Kipchaks, Bulgars, Seklers, and other Hungarian Türkic subdivisions, western Tatars in Poland, Baltic states, Belorussia, Russia and Ukraine, Siberian Türkic nations, modern Uigurs, nations that later formed Southern and Northern Altaians, and the Sakha people. The isolation of these people from the influence and innovations of the Turki facilitated preservation in their languages of the original forms and lexicons, now used for philological studies and comparative linguistics. The western European nations in the Christian sphere of influence were separated by religious and cultural barriers, and within the Christian sphere by different and frequently conflicting denominations and local linguistic barriers. The Siberian Türks from the beginning retained their independence from the Islamic influence, and largely preserved their Tengrian religion. The eastern TürkiTurkey (Turkish: Türkiye), officially the Republic of Turkey (About this sound Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info)), is a contiguous transcontinental country, located mostly on Anatolia in Western Asia, and on East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea is to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the BospThe Ottoman Empire entered World War I on the side of the Central Powers and was ultimately defeated. During the war, an estimated 1.5 million Armenians were deported and exterminated in the Armenian Genocide.[45][46] The Turkish government denies that there was an Armenian Genocide and claims that Armenians were only relocated from the eastern war zone.[47] Large-scale massacres were also committed against the empire's other minority groups such asBy 18 September xxxx, the occupying armies were expelled, and the Ankara-based Turkish regime, which declared itself the legitimate government of the country in April xxxx, started to formalize the legal transition from the old Ottoman into the new Republican political system. On 1 November, the newly founded parliament formally abolished the Sultanate, thus ending 623 years of Ottoman rule. The Treaty of Lausanne of 24 July xxxx led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the newly formed "Republic of Turkey" as the continuing state of the Ottoman Empire, and the republic was officially proclaimed on 29 October xxxx in Ankara, the country's new capital.[9][page needed] The Lausanne treaty stipulated a population exchange between Greece and Turkey, whereby 1.1 million Greeks left Turkey for Greece in exchange for 380,000 Muslims tranTurkey remained neutral during most of World War II, but entered the closing stages of the war on the side of the Allies on 23 February xxxx. On 26 June xxxx, Turkey became a charter member of the United Nations.[53] Difficulties faced by Greece after the war in quelling a communist rebellion, along with demands by the Soviet Union for In line with its traditional Western orientation, relations with Europe have always been a central part of Turkish foreign policy. Turkey became a founding member of the Council of Europe in xxxx, applied for associate membership of the EEC (predecessor of the European Union) in xxxx and became an associate member in xxxx. After decades of political negotiations, Turkey applied for full membership of the EEC in xxxx, became an associate member of the Western European Union in xxxx, joined the EU Customs Union in xxxx and has been in formal accession negotiations with the EU since xxxx.[75] Today, EU membership is considered as a state policy and a strategic target by Turkey.[76]military bases in the Turkish Straits, prompted the United States to declare the Truman Doctrine in xxxx. The doctrine enunciated American intentions to guarantee the security of Turkey and Greece, and resulted in large-scale U.S. military and economic support.[54] Both countries were included in the Marshall Plan and OEEC for rebuilding European economies in xxxx, and subsequently became founding members of the OECD in xxxx.sferred from Greece to Turkey.[51] the Greeks and Assyrians.[48][49][50]horus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.[7] Turkey's on of the Mongol Empire.